02373nas a2200181   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002100001700043700001900060700001800079700001800097700001800115700001700133700001700150245006200167856004300229520191900272       2023                            d1 aAnne Thessen1 aPankaj Jaiswal1 aLaurel Cooper1 aTyson Swetnam1 aHarshad Hegde1 aJustin Resse1 aJustin Elser00aUsing knowledge graphs to infer gene expression in plants  uhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.77647623 a<p>Climate change is already affecting ecosystems around the world and forcing us to adapt to meet societal needs. The speed with which climate change is progressing necessitates a massive scaling up of the number of species with understood genotype-environment-phenotype (G×E×P) dynamics. An important part of predicting phenotype is understanding the complex gene regulatory networks present in organisms. Previous work has demonstrated that knowledge about one species can be applied to another using ontologically-supported knowledge bases that exploit homologous structures and homologous genes. These types of structures that can apply knowledge about one species to another have the potential to enable the massive scaling up that is needed through in silico experimentation. We developed one such structure, a knowledge graph (KG) using information from Planteome and the EMBL-EBI Expression Atlas that connects gene expression, molecular interactions, functions, pathways, and projections to homology-based gene annotations. Our preliminary analysis uses data from gene expression studies in Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus trichocarpa plants exposed to drought conditions. A graph query identified 16 pairs of homologous genes in these two taxa, some of which show opposite patterns of gene expression in response to drought. As expected, analysis of the upstream cis-regulatory region of these genes revealed that homologs with similar expression behavior had conserved cis-regulatory regions and potential interaction with similar trans-elements, unlike homologs that changed their expression in opposite ways. This suggests that even though the homologous pairs share common ancestry and functional roles, predicting expression and phenotype through homology inference needs careful consideration of integrating cis and trans regulatory components in the curated and inferred knowledge graph.</p>